Females display an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases, with a sexual dimorphism in the immune response.
Neuroimmunology of Allergy and Autoimmunity
The Impact of Sex Steroids Hormones on Autoimmune Disease Activity: Mechanisms and Implications
- 26 February 2013
- Antonio Martocchia, Silvia Raja, Manuela Stefanelli, Anna Cocca & Paolo Falaschi
Pregnancy and Rheumatoid Arthritis
- 15 May 2010
- M Østensen

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic inflammatory disorder, characterized by symmetrical polyarthritis and presence of extra-articular manifestations including subcutaneous nodules, lung disease, pericarditis, hematopoietic disturbances, neuropathy, and vasculitis.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis
- 06 April 2010
- R Imrich

The neuroendocrine and the immune system are important homeostatic mechanisms maintaining the integrity of the organism.
Thyroid Hormone Modulation of Immune Responses in Physiologic and Stressful Conditions: Implications and Consequences in Thyroid Diseases
- 15 February 2010
- GA Cremaschi and AM Genaro
Recent evidence indicates the presence of bidirectional interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and the immune system.


